Differential noise cancellation

ABSTRACT

In one implementation, a circuit can include a reference pin and an operational amplifier that can include an output pin, an inverting input pin and a non-inverting input pin. The inverting input pin can be electrically coupled to the output pin via a first impedance and to the reference pin via a second impedance. The non-inverting input pin can be electrically coupled to the reference pin via a third impedance and can be configured to receive a detection signal. The reference pin can be configured to receive a detection reference signal associated with the detection signal.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/376,284, entitled DIFFERENTIAL NOISE CANCELLATION, filed Apr. 5,2019, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND

A buffer amplifier (“buffer”) can transform electrical impedance betweena signal circuit and a load circuit. For example, the buffer can shieldthe signal circuit from currents (or voltages) generated in the loadcircuit. A buffer can be a voltage buffer or a current buffer. A voltagebuffer amplifier can transfer a voltage from the signal circuit having ahigh output impedance level to the load circuit with a low inputimpedance level. A current buffer can transfer a current from the signalcircuit having a low output impedance level to a load circuit with ahigh input impedance level. The buffer amplifier can prevent the signalsource from being affected by voltages/currents that the load mayproduce.

SUMMARY

In one implementation, a circuit can include a reference pin and anoperational amplifier that can include an output pin, an inverting inputpin and a non-inverting input pin. The inverting input pin can beelectrically coupled to the output pin via a first impedance and to thereference pin via a second impedance. The non-inverting input pin can beelectrically coupled to the reference pin via a third impedance and canbe configured to receive a detection signal. The reference pin can beconfigured to receive a detection reference signal associated with thedetection signal.

One or more of the following features can be included in any feasiblecombination.

In one implementation, the output pin can be configured to electricallycouple to a first lead of an external circuit and the reference pin canbe configured to electrically couple to a second lead of the externalcircuit. The operational amplifier can be configured to isolate anoutput signal at the output pin from a reference signal at the referencepin. In another implementation, the operational amplifier can beconfigured to isolate the output signal from the reference signal basedon a feedback circuit including the first impedance, the secondimpedance and the third impedance. The operational amplifier and thefeedback circuit can be configured to vary the output signal to followthe fluctuations in the reference signal. The first impedance, thesecond impedance and the third impedance can have the same impedancevalue.

In one implementation, a first difference between the output signal atthe output pin and the reference signal at the reference pin can beindicative of a second difference between the detection signal and thedetection reference signal. In another implementation the reference pincan be configured to electrically couple to a third lead of an inputcircuit. The third lead can be configured to transmit the detectionreference signal or a signal indicative of the detection referencesignal. In yet another implementation, isolation of the output signalcan include suppression of a noise signal indicative of voltagefluctuations in the external circuit. The reference signal can includethe noise signal.

In one implementation, an instrumentation device includes the externalcircuit, and the instrumentation device is configured to analyze thedetection signal. The detection signal and the detection referencesignal can be indicative of a sensor measurement at an oil and gasindustrial machine. In another implementation, the circuit can furtherinclude a filtering circuit wherein the reference pin or thenon-inverting input pin can be configured to receive the detectionreference signal via the filtering circuit. The filtering circuit caninclude one of a high-pass filter, a low-pass filter, and a band-passfilter. In yet another implementation, the operational amplifier caninclude one or more bipolar junction transistor and/or one or moremetal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors.

In one implementation, a circuit can include a reference pin and anoperational amplifier that can include an output pin, an inverting inputpin and a non-inverting input pin. The inverting input pin can beelectrically coupled to the output pin via a first impedance and to thereference pin via a second impedance. The inverting input pin can beconfigured to receive a detection signal. The non-inverting input pincan be electrically coupled to the reference pin via a third impedance.The non-inverting pin can be configured to receive a detection referencesignal associated with the detection signal.

One or more of the following features can be included in any feasiblecombination.

In one implementation, the output pin can be configured to electricallycouple to a first lead of an external circuit and the reference pin canbe configured to electrically couple to a second lead of the externalcircuit. The operational amplifier can be configured to isolate anoutput signal at the output pin from a reference signal at the referencepin. In another implementation, the operational amplifier can beconfigured to isolate the output signal from the reference signal basedon a feedback circuit including the first impedance, the secondimpedance and the third impedance. The operational amplifier and thefeedback circuit can be configured to vary the output signal to followthe fluctuations in the reference signal. The first impedance, thesecond impedance and the third impedance can have the same impedancevalue.

In one implementation, a first difference between the output signal atthe output pin and the reference signal at the reference pin can beindicative of a second difference between the detection signal and thedetection reference signal. In another implementation, isolation of theoutput signal can include suppression of a noise signal indicative ofvoltage fluctuations in the external circuit. The reference signal caninclude the noise signal. In yet another implementation, aninstrumentation device includes the external circuit, and theinstrumentation device is configured to analyze the detection signal.

In one implementation, the detection signal and the detection referencesignal can be indicative of a sensor measurement at an oil and gasindustrial machine. In another implementation, the operational amplifiercan include one or more bipolar junction transistor and/or one or moremetal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. In yet anotherimplementation, the first impedance, the second impedance and the thirdimpedance can have a predetermined impedance value.

In one implementation, a detection system can include a sensorconfigured to detect one or more properties of an oil and gas industrialmachine and generate a detection signal and a detection reference signalindicative of the detection. The detection system can also include abuffer circuit. The buffer circuit can include a reference pin and anoperational amplifier that can include an output pin, an inverting inputpin and a non-inverting input pin. The reference pin can be configuredto receive the detection reference signal. The inverting input pin canbe electrically coupled to the output pin via a first impedance and tothe reference pin via a second impedance. The non-inverting input pincan be electrically coupled to the reference pin via a third impedanceand can be configured to receive a detection signal. The detectionsystem can include an instrumentation device including a first lead anda second lead. The first lead can be electrically coupled to the outputpin and the second lead can be electrically coupled to the referencepin.

One or more of the following features can be included in any feasiblecombination.

In one implementation, the operational amplifier can be configured toisolate an output signal at the output pin from a reference signal atthe reference pin. In another implementation, the instrumentation devicecan be configured to analyze the detection signal.

These and other capabilities of the disclosed subject matter will bemore fully understood after a review of the following figures, detaileddescription, and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

These and other features will be more readily understood from thefollowing detailed description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary schematic of a detection systemconfigured to detect one or more operational characteristic of anindustrial machine;

FIG. 1B illustrates an equivalent circuit of an exemplary operationalamplifier;

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary non-inverting detection system; and

FIG. 3 illustrates and exemplary inverting detection system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Buffers (or buffer circuits) can act as a liaison between a sourcecircuit (e.g., an input circuit) and a receiving circuit (e.g., anoutput circuit). In some implementations, buffer circuits cancommunicate a signal (e.g., a voltage signal, a current signal, etc.)from the source circuit to the receiving circuit while transforming theimpedance of the source circuit. Transformation of source circuitimpedance can be desirable when there is an impedance mismatch betweenthe source and the receiving circuits which can damage the sourcecircuit. For example, a buffer circuit that electrically couples asensor (e.g., at an oil and gas industrial machine) to aninstrumentation device can electrically shield the sensor fromcurrent/voltage in the instrumentation device. Existing buffer circuitsdirectly connect the reference lead of the source circuit (e.g.,indicative of source circuit ground potential) with the reference leadof the receiving circuit (e.g., indicative of receiving circuit groundpotential). If the ground potentials of the source and receivingcircuits are mismatched, current can flow between the reference leads ofthe source and receiving circuits (“ground loop”) that can generateundesirable results (e.g., fluctuations in an output signal of thebuffer circuit). Accordingly improved buffer circuits and correspondingmethods are provided that can prevent and/or reduce fluctuations in theoutput of the buffer circuit.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary schematic of a detection system 100configured to detect one or more operational characteristic of anindustrial machine 102. The detection system 100 can include an inputcircuit 104 (e.g., a sensor configured to detect an operationalcharacteristic of the industrial machine 102), a buffer circuit 106, andan output circuit 108 (e.g., a circuit in an instrumentation deviceconfigured to analyze detected properties of the industrial machine102).

The input circuit 104 and the buffer circuit 106 can be electricallyconnected via a first electrical connection 110 and a second electricalconnection 112. In some implementations, the first electrical connection110 can transmit an input circuit signal (e.g., a voltage signal or acurrent signal indicative of a sensor measurement) and the secondelectrical connection 112 can transmit a first reference signalassociated with the input circuit. In some implementations, a differencebetween the input circuit signal and the first reference signal can beindicative of a detected characteristic property of the industrialmachine 102.

The output circuit 104 and the buffer circuit 106 can be electricallyconnected via a third electrical connection 114 and a fourth electricalconnection 116. In some implementations, the third electrical connection114 can transmit an output signal (e.g., a voltage signal or a currentsignal indicative of a sensor measurement of industrial machine 102 canbe transmitted by the buffer circuit) and the fourth electricalconnection 116 can transmit a second reference signal associated withthe output circuit. For example, the second reference signal can betransmitted by the output circuit 108 (e.g., second reference signal canbe a reference ground potential of the output circuit 108) and receivedby the buffer circuit 106. In some implementations, a difference betweenthe output signal from the buffer circuit 106 and the second referencesignal from the output circuit 108 can be indicative of a detectedproperty of the industrial machine 102.

The buffer circuit 106 can transform an impedance of the input circuitwith respect to the output circuit. The buffer circuit 106 can receivean input signal from the input circuit 104 (e.g., difference between thesignals on first electrical connection 110 and second electricalconnection 112) and transmit an output signal (e.g., difference betweenthe signals on the third electrical connection 114 and fourth electricalconnection 116) to the output circuit 108. The buffer circuit 106 caninclude one or more of operational amplifiers (op-amp), bipolar junctiontransistors (BJT), metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor(MOSFET), resistors, capacitors, inductors and the like.

Operational amplifiers can include three external pins: an output pin,an inverting input pin (indicated by a “−” sign) and a non-invertinginput pin (indicated by a “+” sign). The op-amp can receive a first anda second signal via the inverting and the non-inverting input,respectively. In some implementations, the op-amp can amplify adifference between voltages associated with the first and secondsignals. In some implementations, the op-amp can include a feedbackcircuit. For example, an output of the op-amp can be electricallyconnected to the inverting and/or the non-inverting inputs via one ormore impedances (e.g., resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.). Based onthe feedback circuit, the op-amp can perform a variety of operations(e.g., voltage follower, voltage inverter, voltage integrator, voltagedifferentiator, differential amplifers and the like.

FIG. 1B illustrates an equivalent circuit of an exemplary operationalamplifier. The op-amp can include an inverting input that can receive aninverting input (V1), and a non-inverting input that can receive anon-inverting input (V2). The op-amp can also include an output pin Voutthat transmits an output signal. In some implementations, the outputsignal can be proportional to the difference between the inverting andnon-inverting inputs (e.g., when the output is electrically connectingto the non-inverting input via an impedance [e.g., a resistor, acapacitor, an inductor, or a combination thereof]). In someimplementations, the output signal can be inversely proportional to theinput signal (e.g., when the output is electrically connecting to theinverting input via an impedance [e.g., a resistor]). In someimplementations, an impedance looking into the op-amp across theinverting and non-inverting inputs can be very high. In someimplementations, current flowing into the op-amp via the inverting andnon-inverting inputs can be very small (e.g., zero). In someimplementations, the op-amp with a feedback will try to adjust theoutput voltage such that voltages at the inverting and the non-invertinginputs are the same. Based on the aforementioned properties of theop-amp and the desirable operation of the op-amp, values and arrangementof impedances in the feedback circuit can be determined. In someimplementations, the buffer circuit 106 can include a voltage followercircuit (e.g., output signal is the same as in the input signal), anon-inverter circuit (e.g., output signal is directly proportional tothe input signal), an inverter circuit (e.g., output signal is inverselyproportional to the input signal) and the like.

Existing buffer circuits couple the second electrical connection 112(e.g., transmitting first reference signal associated with the inputcircuit 104) with the fourth electrical connection 116 (e.g.,transmitting second reference signal associated with the output circuit106). In some implementations, if there is a mismatch between the firstreference signal and the second reference signal (e.g., voltagesassociated with the first and second reference signal are different),current can flow between the buffer circuit 106 and the output circuit108 (also referred to as “ground loop”). This can result in undesirable(e.g., spurious) fluctuations in an output signal of the buffer circuit106. Implementations of improved buffer circuits described in thisapplication can include feedback circuits that can suppress outputsignal fluctuations resulting from the ground loop. In someimplementations, a reference pin in the buffer circuit (e.g.,electrically coupled to the second electrical connection 112 and thefourth electrical connection 116) can be electrically coupled to anon-inverting input (or an inverting input) of an op-amp in the buffercircuit 106 via an impedance (e.g., resistor, capacitor, inductor or avariation thereof). The buffer circuit can be designed (e.g., based onimpedance value) to suppress output signal fluctuation.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary detection system 200 (e.g., anon-inverting detection system). The detection system 200 can include aninput circuit 204, a buffer circuit 206, and an output circuit 208. Theinput circuit 204 can include, for example, a sensor. The sensor caninclude a voltage (or current) source 230 that can generate a voltage(or current) signal indicative of a measurement of a characteristicproperty of an industrial machine (e.g., oil and gas industrialmachine). The input circuit 204 can include a first lead 232 (that cantransmit a detection signal) and a second lead 234 (that can transmit adetection reference signal). The buffer circuit 206 can be electricallyconnected to the input circuit 204. For example, the buffer circuit 206can be connected to the first lead 232 and the second lead 234 byelectrical connections (e.g., by first and second electrical connections112 and 114, respectively). The buffer circuit 206 can include an op-amp210 which can include a non-inverting input pin 212, an inverting inputpin 214 and an output pin 216. The detection signal or a signalindicative of the detection signal can be received by the non-invertinginput 212 via the impedance R3.

The buffer circuit 206 can include a reference pin 218 which can beelectrically connected to the second lead 234. The reference pin 218 canreceive a signal indicative of the detection reference signal from thesecond lead 234. In some implementations, the buffer circuit 206 caninclude a filtering circuit 220 that can receive and modify thedetection reference signal, and transmit the modified signal to thereference pin 218. In some implementations, the filtering circuit 220can include a high-pass filter, a low-pass filter, a band pass filterand the like. The filtering circuit 220 can modify the detectionreference signal by filtering/suppressing high frequency components, lowfrequency components, and the like. In some implementations, thefiltering circuit 220 can be electrically coupled between the first lead232 and the impedance R3. In this configuration, it can modify thedetection signal transmitted by the first lead 232.

The inverting input pin 214 can be electrically connected to the outputpin 216 via a first impedance R1, and to the reference pin 218 via asecond impedance R2. The non-inverting input 212 can be electricallyconnected to the first lead 232 via a third impedance R3, and to thereference pin 218 via a fourth impedance R4. The buffer circuit 206 canbe electrically connected to an output circuit 208 (also referred to as“external circuit”). In some implementations, the output circuit 208 canbe a part of an instrumentation system configured to analyze one or morecharacteristic properties of an industrial machine (e.g., industrialmachine 102) detected by a sensor (e.g., a sensor included in the inputcircuit 204). For example, the instrumentation system can be adiagnostic equipment (e.g., oscilloscopes, digital control system,digital multimeter, and the like.). In some implementations, the outputcircuit 208 can be a part of a display device configured to displaycharacteristic property data detected by the input circuit 204. Theoutput circuit 208 can include one or more of op-amps, resistors,inductors, capacitors and other circuit elements. The output circuit 208can include a third lead 242 and a fourth lead 244. The output circuit208 can be electrically connected to the buffer circuit 206. Forexample, third lead 242 and fourth lead 244 can be electricallyconnected to output pin 216 and reference pin 218, respectively, via afield wiring. The field wiring can include impedances R6 and R7 (e.g.,that electrically couple the output pin 216 to the third lead 242, andreference pin 218 to the fourth lead 244, respectively).

The buffer circuit 206 can transform an impedance associated with theinput circuit 204. The buffer circuit 206 can receive a signal from theinput circuit 204 (e.g., signal indicative of a detection by a sensor inthe input circuit 204 related to a difference between the detectionsignal and detection reference signal), and the output circuit canreceive a signal from the buffer circuit 206 (e.g., which can be relatedto the signal received by the buffer circuit). For example, a differencebetween the output signal (e.g., at output pin 216) and reference signal(e.g., at reference pin 218) can be proportional to the signal receivedby the buffer circuit 206 from the input circuit 204. In someimplementations, the output signal of the buffer circuit 206 can be anintegral over time of the input signal (e.g., when the impedance R1 is acapacitor and the impedance R2 is a resistor). In some implementations,the output signal of the buffer circuit 206 can be a differential overtime of the input signal (e.g., when the impedance R2 is a capacitor andthe impedance R1 is a resistor).

As described above, the reference pin 218 can be electrically coupled tothe second lead 234 of the input circuit 204 and to the fourth lead 244of output circuit 208. In some implementations, the second lead 234 andthe fourth lead 244 are ground (e.g., are at a ground potential). Thiscan cause the reference lead 218 to be at the ground potential, andcurrent may not flow between the second lead 234 (or fourth lead 244)and the reference lead 218. In some implementations, the second lead 234(or reference lead 218) and the fourth lead 244 may not be at the samepotential. This can result in flow of current between the second lead234 and the reference lead 218, and/or between the fourth lead 244 andthe reference lead 218. The aforementioned current flow can occur due toundesirable potential fluctuations in the output circuit 208 (or in theinstrumentation device that includes the output circuit 208) which canlead to a fluctuation in the reference signal at the reference pin 218.Additionally or alternately, undesirable potential fluctuation in thereference signal can occur due to thermal noise, noise in thesurrounding environment, crosstalk, and the like. For example, theoutput circuit 208 can introduce noise into the buffer circuit 206(e.g., via the fourth lead 244 to the reference pin 218). Fluctuationsin the reference signal can lead to fluctuations in the output signal(e.g., output signal at the output pin 216).

Fluctuations in the output signal (e.g., difference between the signalat the output pin 216 and the reference pin 218) can be prevented and/orsuppressed (also referred to as isolation of output signal). In someimplementations, fluctuations in the output signal with respect to thereference signal in the reference pin 218 (e.g., due to noise in thesecond reference signal transmitted by the lead 244) can beprevented/suppressed by a feedback circuit in the buffer. The feedbackcircuit can vary the output signal at the output pin 216 to track thefluctuations in the reference signal in the reference pin 218 (e.g.,caused due to noise in the second reference signal transmitted by thelead 244). In some implementations, modifying the buffer circuit 206 toinclude the feedback circuit can allow for coupling between the buffercircuit 206 with an output circuit with considerable noise whilepreventing undesirable fluctuations in the output signal (e.g.,difference between the signal at the output pin 216 and the referencepin 218). In some implementations, the feedback circuit can allow forcommon mode rejection (e.g., based on signals at the inverting input pinand the non-inverting input pin). Common mode rejection can allow forsuppression/prevention of noise in the output signal based on noise atthe reference signal (e.g., superposition of alternating current [AC]noise and direct current [DC] noise).

In some implementations, the noise in the second reference signal can betransmitted through two gain stages: the non-inverting stageelectrically coupled to the non-inverting input pin 212 and an invertingstage coupled to the inverting input pin 214. The op-amp 210 can cancelthe noise from the two stages resulting in reduced noise at the outputpin 216. For example, the non-inverting input pin 212 can beelectrically connected to the reference pin 218. This can be done, forexample, by electrically connecting the non-inverting input pin 212 andthe reference pin 218 via the impedance R4. In some implementations,fluctuations in the output signal can be suppressed by choosingimpedances R1, R2 and R4 such that they have the same impedance value.Alternately, impedances R1, R2, R3 and R4 can be chosen such thatfluctuations in the reference signal at the reference pin 218 do nothave an effect (or have reduced effect) on the output of the buffercircuit 206 (e.g., by ensuring that output signal at the output pin 216is changed to track the fluctuations [e.g., noise signal] in thereference signal at the reference pin 218).

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary detection system 300 (e.g., an invertingdetection system). The detection system 300 can include an input circuit304, a buffer circuit 306, and an output circuit 308. The input circuit304 can include, for example, a sensor. The sensor can include a voltage(or current) source 330 that can generate a voltage (or current) signalindicative of a measurement of a characteristic property of anindustrial machine (e.g., oil and gas industrial machine). The inputcircuit 304 can include a first lead 332 (that can transmit a detectionsignal) and a second lead 334 (that can transmit a detection referencesignal). The buffer circuit 306 can be electrically connected to theinput circuit 304. For example, the buffer circuit 306 can be connectedto the first lead 332 and the second lead 334 by electrical connections(e.g., by first and second electrical connections 112 and 114,respectively). The buffer circuit 306 can include an op-amp 310 whichcan include a non-inverting input pin 312, an inverting input pin 314and an output pin 316.

In some implementations, the noise in the second reference signal can betransmitted through two gain stages: the non-inverting stageelectrically coupled to the non-inverting input pin 312 and an invertingstage coupled to the inverting input pin 314. The op-amp 310 can cancelthe noise from the two stages resulting in reduced noise at the outputpin 316. For example, the inverting input pin 314 can be electricallyconnected to the output pin 316 via a first impedance R10, and to thereference pin 318 via a second impedance R11. The inverting input pin314 can be electrically connected to the first lead 332 via a thirdimpedance R12. The inverting input pin 314 can receive a detectionsignal (or a signal indicative of the detection signal) from the firstlead 332. The non-inverting input 312 can be electrically connected tothe second lead 334 via a fourth impedance R13, and to the reference pin318 via a fifth impedance R14. The non-inverting input pin 312 canreceive a signal indicative of the detection reference signal from thesecond lead 334.

The buffer circuit 306 can be electrically connected to an outputcircuit 308 (also referred to as “external circuit”). In someimplementations, the output circuit 308 can be a part of aninstrumentation system configured to analyze one or more characteristicproperties of an industrial machine (e.g., industrial machine 102)detected by a sensor (e.g., a sensor included in the input circuit 304).In some implementations, the output circuit 308 can be a part of adisplay device configured to display characteristic property datadetected by the input circuit 304. The output circuit 308 can includeone or more of op-amps, resistors, inductors, capacitors and othercircuit elements. The output circuit 308 can include a third lead 342and a fourth lead 344. The output circuit 308 can be electricallyconnected to the buffer circuit 306. For example, third lead 342 andfourth lead 344 can be electrically connected to output pin 316 andreference pin 318, respectively, via a field wiring. The field wiringcan include impedances R16 and R17 (e.g., that electrically couple theoutput pin 316 to the third lead 342, and reference pin 318 to thefourth lead 344, respectively).

The buffer circuit 306 can transform an impedance associated with theinput circuit 304. The buffer circuit 306 can receive a signal from theinput circuit 304 (e.g., signal indicative of a detection by a sensor inthe input circuit 304 related to a difference between the detectionsignal and detection reference signal), and the output circuit canreceive a signal from the buffer circuit 306 (e.g., which can be relatedto the signal received by the buffer circuit). For example, a differencebetween the output signal (e.g., at output pin 316) and reference signal(e.g., at reference pin 318) can be inversely proportional to the signalreceived by the buffer circuit 306 from the input circuit 304.

As described above, the reference pin 318 can be electrically coupled tothe inverting input pin 314 via impedance R11 and to the fourth lead 344of output circuit 308. In some implementations, the reference pin 318and the fourth lead 344 are ground (e.g., are at a ground potential) andcurrent may not flow between the fourth lead 344 and the reference lead318. In some implementations, the reference pin 318 and the fourth lead344 may not be at the same potential. This can result in flow of currentbetween the fourth lead 344 and the reference lead 318. Theaforementioned current flow can occur due to undesirable potentialfluctuations in the output circuit 308 (e.g., in the instrumentationdevice that includes the output circuit 308) which can lead to afluctuation in the reference signal at the reference pin 318.Additionally or alternately, undesirable potential fluctuation in thereference signal can occur due to thermal noise, noise in thesurrounding environment, crosstalk, and the like. Fluctuations in thereference signal can lead to fluctuations in the output signal (e.g.,output signal at the output lead 316).

Fluctuations in the output signal (e.g., difference between the signalat the output pin 316 and the reference pin 318) can beprevented/suppressed (also referred to as isolation of output signal).In some implementations, fluctuations in the output signal with respectto the reference signal in the reference pin 318 (e.g., due to noise inthe second reference signal transmitted by the lead 344) can beprevented/suppressed by a feedback circuit in the buffer. The feedbackcircuit can vary the output signal at the output pin 316 to track thefluctuations in the reference signal in the reference pin 318 (e.g.,caused due to noise in the second reference signal transmitted by thelead 344). In some implementations, modifying the buffer circuit 306 toinclude the feedback circuit can allow for coupling between the buffercircuit 306 with an output circuit with considerable noise whilepreventing undesirable fluctuations in the output signal (e.g.,difference between the signal at the output pin 316 and the referencepin 318). In some implementations, the feedback circuit can allow forcommon mode rejection (e.g., based on signals at the inverting input pinand the non-inverting input pin). Common mode rejection can allow forsuppression/prevention of noise in the output signal based on noise atthe reference signal (e.g., superposition of AC noise and DC noise).

The non-inverting input pin 312 and the inverting input pin 314 can beelectrically connected to the reference pin 318. This can be done, forexample, by electrically connecting the non-inverting input pin 312 andthe reference pin 318 via the impedance R14 and the inverting input pin314 and the reference pin 318 via the impedance R11. In someimplementations, fluctuations in the output signal can be suppressed bychoosing impedances R10, R11, R12, R13 and R14 such that they have thesame impedance value. Alternately, impedances R10, R11, R12, R13 and R14can be chosen such that fluctuations in the reference signal at thereference pin 318 do not have an effect (or have reduced effect) on theoutput of the buffer circuit 306 (e.g., by ensuring that output signalat the output pin 316 is changed to track the fluctuations [e.g., noisesignal] in the reference signal at the reference pin 318).

Other embodiments are within the scope and spirit of the disclosedsubject matter. For example, the detection system (e.g., detectionsystem 100, 200, 300 etc.) can be a part a monitoring system of oil andgas industrial machines in an oil field. The monitoring and detectionsystem can be configured to detect characteristic properties of thevarious oil and gas industrial machines and respond accordingly. In someimplementations, the detection system can include a sensing systemlocated proximal to an oil and gas industrial machine and aninstrumentation system that can be electrically coupled to the detectionsystem. For example, the sensing system can include the sensor 104 (orinput circuit 204, 304, etc.) and the buffer circuit 106, and theinstrumentation system can include the output circuit 108 (or outputcircuits 208, 308, etc.). The sensing system and the instrumentationsystem can be electrically coupled by a field connector (e.g., includinga third electrical connection 114 and a fourth electrical connection116). The instrumentation system can include a reference signal relativeto which the instrumentation system performs analysis of the outputsignal of the sensing system. undesirable noise signals. Coupling theinstrumentation system to the sensing system can introduce a noisesignal (e.g., due to circuit noise, transients, short circuitconditions, and the like in the instrumentation system) into the sensingsystem (e.g., via the reference signal of the instrumentation system).In some implementations, the buffer circuits comprising the feedbackcircuits described in this application can suppress undesirable effectsresulting from coupling the sensing system with the instrumentationsystem. This can improve the operation of one or both of the sensingsystem and the instrumentation system.

Certain exemplary embodiments will now be described to provide anoverall understanding of the principles of the structure, function,manufacture, and use of the systems, devices, and methods disclosedherein. One or more examples of these embodiments are illustrated in theaccompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art will understand that thesystems, devices, and methods specifically described herein andillustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting exemplaryembodiments and that the scope of the present invention is definedsolely by the claims. The features illustrated or described inconnection with one exemplary embodiment may be combined with thefeatures of other embodiments. Such modifications and variations areintended to be included within the scope of the present invention.Further, in the present disclosure, like-named components of theembodiments generally have similar features, and thus within aparticular embodiment each feature of each like-named component is notnecessarily fully elaborated upon

The subject matter described herein can be implemented in digitalelectronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware,including the structural means disclosed in this specification andstructural equivalents thereof, or in combinations of them. The subjectmatter described herein can be implemented as one or more computerprogram products, such as one or more computer programs tangiblyembodied in an information carrier (e.g., in a machine-readable storagedevice), or embodied in a propagated signal, for execution by, or tocontrol the operation of, data processing apparatus (e.g., aprogrammable processor, a computer, or multiple computers). A computerprogram (also known as a program, software, software application, orcode) can be written in any form of programming language, includingcompiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form,including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component,subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. Acomputer program does not necessarily correspond to a file. A programcan be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data,in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiplecoordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules,sub-programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployedto be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site ordistributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communicationnetwork.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification, includingthe method steps of the subject matter described herein, can beperformed by one or more programmable processors executing one or morecomputer programs to perform functions of the subject matter describedherein by operating on input data and generating output. The processesand logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus of the subjectmatter described herein can be implemented as, special purpose logiccircuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC(application-specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, byway of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, andany one or more processor of any kind of digital computer. Generally, aprocessor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory ora random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer area processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devicesfor storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will alsoinclude, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer datato, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g.,magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carrierssuitable for embodying computer program instructions and data includeall forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of examplesemiconductor memory devices, (e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memorydevices); magnetic disks, (e.g., internal hard disks or removabledisks); magneto-optical disks; and optical disks (e.g., CD and DVDdisks). The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, orincorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, the subject matter describedherein can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., aCRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, fordisplaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device,(e.g., a mouse or a trackball), by which the user can provide input tothe computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide forinteraction with a user as well. For example, feedback provided to theuser can be any form of sensory feedback, (e.g., visual feedback,auditory feedback, or tactile feedback), and input from the user can bereceived in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The techniques described herein can be implemented using one or moremodules. As used herein, the term “module” refers to computing software,firmware, hardware, and/or various combinations thereof. At a minimum,however, modules are not to be interpreted as software that is notimplemented on hardware, firmware, or recorded on a non-transitoryprocessor readable recordable storage medium (i.e., modules are notsoftware per se). Indeed “module” is to be interpreted to always includeat least some physical, non-transitory hardware such as a part of aprocessor or computer. Two different modules can share the same physicalhardware (e.g., two different modules can use the same processor andnetwork interface). The modules described herein can be combined,integrated, separated, and/or duplicated to support variousapplications. Also, a function described herein as being performed at aparticular module can be performed at one or more other modules and/orby one or more other devices instead of or in addition to the functionperformed at the particular module. Further, the modules can beimplemented across multiple devices and/or other components local orremote to one another. Additionally, the modules can be moved from onedevice and added to another device, and/or can be included in bothdevices.

The subject matter described herein can be implemented in a computingsystem that includes a back-end component (e.g., a data server), amiddleware component (e.g., an application server), or a front-endcomponent (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface ora web interface through which a user can interact with an implementationof the subject matter described herein), or any combination of suchback-end, middleware, and front-end components. The components of thesystem can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital datacommunication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communicationnetworks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network(“WAN”), e.g., the Internet.

Approximating language, as used herein throughout the specification andclaims, may be applied to modify any quantitative representation thatcould permissibly vary without resulting in a change in the basicfunction to which it is related. Accordingly, a value modified by a termor terms, such as “about” and “substantially,” are not to be limited tothe precise value specified. In at least some instances, theapproximating language may correspond to the precision of an instrumentfor measuring the value. Here and throughout the specification andclaims, range limitations may be combined and/or interchanged, suchranges are identified and include all the sub-ranges contained thereinunless context or language indicates otherwise.

1. A detection system comprising: an input circuit comprising a firstlead that transmits a detection signal and a second lead that transmitsa detection reference signal; and a buffer circuit comprising: areference pin configured to receive a detection reference signalassociated with the detection signal; an operational amplifiercomprising: an inverting input pin electrically coupled to the referencepin via a first impedance; a non-inverting input pin electricallycoupled to the reference pin via a second impedance and configured toreceive a detection signal.
 2. The detection system of claim 1, furthercomprising an instrumentation device electrically coupled to the buffercircuit and configured to analyze the detection signal.
 3. The detectionsystem of claim 2, wherein the instrumentation device comprises theexternal circuit, and the instrumentation device configured to analyzethe detection signal.
 4. The detection system of claim 1, wherein theoperational amplifier comprises an output pin configured to electricallycouple to a first lead of an external circuit and the reference pin isconfigured to electrically couple to a second lead of the externalcircuit, wherein the operational amplifier is configured to isolate anoutput signal at the output pin from a reference signal at the referencepin.
 5. The detection system of claim 4, wherein the operationalamplifier is configured to isolate the output signal from the referencesignal based on a feedback circuit comprising the first impedance andthe second impedance, wherein the operational amplifier and the feedbackcircuit are configured to vary the output signal to follow thefluctuations in the reference signal.
 6. The detection system of claim4, wherein a first difference between the output signal at the outputpin and the reference signal at the reference pin is indicative of asecond difference between the detection signal and the detectionreference signal.
 7. The detection system of claim 6, wherein thereference pin is configured to electrically couple to a third lead of aninput circuit, wherein the third lead is configured to transmit thedetection reference signal or a signal indicative of the detectionreference signal.
 8. The detection system of claim 4, wherein isolationof the output signal comprises suppression of a noise signal indicativeof voltage fluctuations in the external circuit, wherein the referencesignal comprises the noise signal.
 9. The detection system of claim 1,wherein the detection signal and the detection reference signal areindicative of a sensor measurement at an oil and gas industrial machine.10. The detection system of claim 1, further comprising a filteringcircuit wherein the reference pin or the non-inverting input pin isconfigured to receive the detection reference signal via the filteringcircuit, wherein the filtering circuit comprises one of a high-passfilter, a low-pass filter, and a band-pass filter.
 11. A detectionsystem comprising: an input circuit comprising a first lead thattransmits a detection signal and a second lead that transmits adetection reference signal; and a buffer circuit comprising: a referencepin; an operational amplifier comprising: an inverting input pinelectrically coupled to the reference pin via a first impedance, whereinthe inverting input pin is configured to receive a detection signal; anon-inverting input pin electrically coupled to the reference pin via asecond impedance, wherein the non-inverting pin is configured to receivea detection reference signal associated with the detection signal. 12.The detection system of claim 11, further comprising an instrumentationdevice electrically coupled to the buffer circuit and configured toanalyze the detection signal.
 13. The detection system of claim 12,wherein the instrumentation device comprises the external circuit, theinstrumentation device configured to analyze the detection signal. 14.The detection system of claim 11, wherein the output pin is configuredto electrically couple to a first lead of an external circuit and thereference pin is configured to electrically couple to a second lead ofthe external circuit, wherein the operational amplifier is configured toisolate an output signal at the output pin from a reference signal atthe reference pin.
 15. The detection system of claim 14, wherein theoperational amplifier is configured to isolate the output signal fromthe reference signal based on a feedback circuit comprising the firstimpedance and the second impedance, wherein the operational amplifierand the feedback circuit are configured to vary the output signal tofollow the fluctuations in the reference signal.
 16. The detectionsystem of claim 15, wherein a first difference between the output signalat the output pin and the reference signal at the reference pin isindicative of a second difference between the detection signal and thedetection reference signal.
 17. The detection system of claim 15,wherein isolation of the output signal comprises suppression of a noisesignal indicative of voltage fluctuations in the external circuit,wherein the reference signal comprises the noise signal.
 18. Thedetection system of claim 11, wherein the detection signal and thedetection reference signal are indicative of a sensor measurement at anoil and gas industrial machine.
 19. The detection system of claim 11,wherein the operational amplifier comprises one or more bipolar junctiontransistor and/or one or more metal-oxide semiconductor field-effecttransistors.
 20. The detection system of claim 11, wherein theoperational amplifier is configured to isolate an output signal at theoutput pin from a reference signal at the reference pin.